2020-12-04
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Silver Of Ivan The Terrible
kopeck Rus, without gold and copper coins
The reign of a sovereign is a period of time starting from the moment when a person is declared the head of state, even if he really could not lead by age.
Ivan the terrible was born in 1530, and in 1533 became the nominal ruler after the death of his father, Grand Duke Vasily III.
The main events in the monetary circulation of the state in the era of Ivan the terrible occurred in 1535-1538, and the credit for this belongs to the mother of the infant Ivan, the Dowager Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya.
In the Kholmogorsky chronicle for 1530 it is written: 'the same year the Grand Duke's son Ivan was born, the same year Vasily sent to the cities to find out who fakes money and cuts off', i.e. those who used tin instead of silver, lowered the silver sample, reduced the weight of the coin itself.
Counterfeiting was supplemented by differences in the standards of minting at different mints: light ' moskovki 'were not multiples of heavy' novgorodki', and counting' rubles ' allowed a different number of coins of the same name depending on the place of their minting.
The coinage technique that the Russians borrowed from the Tatar-Mongols allowed both inaccuracy and abuse: silver was melted and stretched into a wire of the desired diameter, which was cut into pieces and manually placed on a fixed lower stamp to strike the billet with the upper stamp – this is how coins were obtained, popularly called 'scales'.
What went down in history as the reform of Elena Glinskaya usually dates back to March 20, 1535, when the decree of 5-year-old Ivan was published about the upcoming mandatory exchange of all (!) coins circulating in Russia for new ones.
In addition to removing counterfeit money from circulation, the reform was supposed to solve the problem of building transparent trade relations between Moscow as the political center of Russia and Veliky Novgorod as a center for concluding foreign trade deals focused on trade in the Baltic sea.
Glinskaya began with Novgorod and 'novgorodok': residents of the city were ordered to change the 'old novgorodki' to the new 'novogorodki' minted in Novgorod of a smaller weight (0.68 g), while the representative of the Grand Duchess, merchant Bogdan Semyonovich Kuryukov, was sent from Moscow to control the new coinage and resolve disputes during the exchange. The horseman with a spear depicted on novgorodki gave the coin its name - 'kopek'.
In Moscow, they started with the minting of the 'sword kopeck', equal in weight to the 'new Novgorod' (0.68 gr) and also depicting a horseman, but with a saber-the traditional character of Moscow coins. In 1538, the 'sword kopeck' was stopped from being minted, and the Moscow mint switched to minting the 'horseman with a saber' weighing half as much as Novgorod – 0.34 gr. The new 'sabelnik' was assigned the name 'Denga'.
The third coin, which was minted at all 4 monetary yards-in Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov and Tver – is a 'Polushka', i.e. half of the Denga, 0.17 gr, with the image of a bird.
Take Denga, with which the young Ivan began his reign. The obverse is half the size of an adult's little finger nail and shows a horseman with a saber, while the reverse bears the inscription: 'Prince Ivan the Great'.
From above-titlo (Greek: τίτλος) - a wavy zigzag line, a sign of sacredness, used in Cyrillic to indicate the anointed of God.
And now let's take a penny in our hands after 1547, when Ivan IV was crowned king of all Russia. On the obverse – a horseman with a spear, under it the letters-PS; on the reverse - a different name with the title: 'Tsar and Prince Great Ivan of All Russia'.
Kopecks, Dengi and polushki not only replaced the old 'novgorodki' and 'moskovki' - new coins went wide in Russia, when Ivan Vasilyevich 'took Kazan, Astrakhan took, revel took', annexed the lands of Bashkiria and the Nogai Horde, legalized the conquests of Ermak in Siberia.
For large transactions, flake coins were put in bags and weighed, and for their account, the concept that later became the basis of the Russian monetary system was already used – the ruble, which now consists of exactly 100 kopecks.
Серебро Ивана Грозного
Деньга до 1547 г.
Country
:
Русское государство (1478-1547)
Denomination
:
деньга
Year
:
1535-1547
Mint
:
Circulation
:
Material
:
Серебро
Weight
:
Diameter
:
Копейка после 1547 г.
Country
:
Русское царство (1547-1721)
Denomination
:
копейка
Year
:
после 1547
Mint
:
Circulation
:
Material
:
Серебро
Weight
:
Diameter
:
